Case Study Boiler Automation

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Industrial Safety Systems

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The Industrial Safety Systems and Their Types Industrial automation has minimized the human interaction with the machines but has not completely eliminated it. Industrial safety systems are introduced to protect the human who work in hazardous plants. Some examples of these are oil and gas, chemical and nuclear plants. The industrial safety systems not only protect the humans but also protect the environment and the plant itself from the chemical reactions. These systems do not control any process but in fact come into play when it is not possible to control a process through normal means. They are rather installed as a protective measure and are quickly becoming the need of every working environment. There are various types of safety systems in place and their use depends on the type of industry they are used in. Here is a look at some of them. Process Control Systems (PCS) They are installed for the monitoring of the manufacturing environment and they control the manufact
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PROFIBUS

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 PROFIBUS PROFIBUS or Process Field Bus was introduced in 1989 and it is sometimes confused with PROFINET. It links plant automation modules with the process control. PROFIBUS uses a multi drop single cable to connect the devices. This method is cost effective especially for larger sites when compared to old methods. Its installation cost is low and it is easy to find faults as well because it is a single cable. Types of PROFIBUS There are two types or versions of PROFIBUS commonly known as 1.    PROFIBUS DP 2.    PROFIBUS PA Here is a brief introduction to both of these types. PROFIBUS DP It runs over two core screened cable that is violet sheathed and its speed varies from 9.6Kbps to 12Mbps. A particular speed can be chosen for a network to give enough time for communication with all the devices present in the network. If systems change slowly then lower communication speed is suitable and if the systems change quickly then effective communication will happen through
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Analog Input/Output Modules

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Analog Input/Output Modules Analog Input Modules To select an analog input module the consider the followings: *Voltage level. *Current input. *Conversion speed. There are two basic types of A/D converter. The first will perform a conversion every 20 ms (the period of the a.c. mains voltage), which gives a good clean reading free from worries of line frequency interference. The second will convert in 2-20 us, giving the possibility of measuring transient data. *At very high rates the PLC may only have time to act as a data logger, storing the data as it is read, and analyzing it some time after the event to report on or display it. Analog Output Modules *The conversion speed of an analog output is generally <100 us and rarely a problem. * Once the resolution of the module is selected we have only to consider the following points: Voltage level. Load resistance. Typically the minimum load resistance is 300 Ohm. Current output. It is often a
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